Conformational changes refer to the structural rearrangements that biomolecules undergo in response to external stimuli, such as changes in temperature, pH, or binding of ligands. These changes can significantly impact the function and activity of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. In the field of biochemistry and structural biology, studying conformational changes is crucial for understanding molecular mechanisms of disease, drug interactions, and signaling pathways. Techniques such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy are often used to visualize and characterize these changes at the atomic level. Overall, research on conformational changes plays a critical role in advancing our knowledge of how biomolecules function and interact in living systems.